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Kingdom of PortugalReino de Portugal

EuropeHeartland today: Portugal

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The kingdom Afonso Henriques proclaimed after Ourique in 1139. Its ships took Ceuta in 1415 and reached India in 1498. It was joined to the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 and ended with the proclamation of the republic on 5 October 1910.

Also alive at the same time

Key events

Afonso Henriques defeats a Muslim army at Ourique and is proclaimed King Afonso IDisputed
Sources give the battle as 25 or 26 July 1139. Tradition says his troops beat five Muslim leaders. The Library of Congress guide dates the recognition of the kingdom to 1143.
Sources
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (Afonso defeats a Muslim army at Ourique in 1139).
- Washington and Lee University, Afonso Henriques project (25 July 1139; proclaimed king afterwards).
Also happening around
– Castile and León recognise the kingdom at Zamora in 1143, and Pope Alexander III acknowledges Afonso as king in 1179
Sources
- New World Encyclopedia. "Afonso I" (the Treaty of Zamora in 1143; the papal acknowledgement in 1179).
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (the pope acknowledges Afonso as king in 1179).
Also happening around
Afonso takes Lisbon after a siege of about four months, helped by crusaders on their way to the Holy Land
Sources
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (Afonso captures Lisbon after a seventeen-week siege, with crusaders bound for Palestine).
- World History Encyclopedia. "Visiting the ruins of Lisbon's ancient and medieval past" (taken in 1147 with crusader help).
Also happening around
The cortes declare John of Aviz king, and the Portuguese beat a Castilian army at Aljubarrota on 14 August
Sources
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (the 1383 to 1385 crisis; the cortes of 1385; the battle on 14 August 1385; the Aviz dynasty).
- Wikipedia. "Battle of Aljubarrota" (the Cortes of Coimbra acclaim John of Aviz on 6 April 1385; the battle on 14 August 1385).
Also happening around
John I takes Ceuta, with Prince Henry in the assault, and Portuguese overseas expansion begins
Sources
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (overseas expansion begins when John I seizes Ceuta in 1415).
- World History Encyclopedia. "Prince Henry the Navigator" (about 20,000 men; Henry is knighted for the capture).
Also happening around
Vasco da Gama's fleet reaches Calicut, the first direct voyage from Portugal to India
Sources
- World History Encyclopedia. "Vasco da Gama" (reaches Calicut in May 1498).
- Fordham University Internet Modern History Sourcebook. "The voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497 to 1499" (reached Calicut in May 1498).
Also happening around
– Sebastian is defeated and presumed killed at Alcácer Quibir in 1578; after Cardinal Henrique dies, Philip II of Spain becomes Philip I of Portugal in 1580Disputed
Philip took the Portuguese throne by force in 1580 after Cardinal Henrique died, and the cortes at Tomar recognised him in 1581.
Sources
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (Sebastian's defeat, Henrique's death, and Philip II as king in 1580).
- Wikipedia. "Iberian Union" (Sebastian dies at Alcácer Quibir in 1578; Henry dies in 1580; Philip is recognised by the Cortes of Tomar in 1581).
Also happening around
A coup on 1 December 1640 arrests the Spanish governor at Lisbon, and the Duke of Braganza becomes King John IV
Sources
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (the coup of 1 December; Braganza becomes John IV).
- Library of Congress. Portugal country guide, introduction (1 December 1640, independence re-established after sixty years of Spanish rule).
Also happening around
An earthquake on All Saints' Day, 1 November, followed by a tsunami, wrecks Lisbon
Sources
- U.S. Geological Survey. "Today in earthquake history, 1 November" (Lisbon, 1755).
- NOAA Science On a Sphere. "Tsunami historical series: Lisbon 1755".
Also happening around
The republic is proclaimed on 5 October 1910 and King Manuel II leaves for Britain
Sources
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Portugal (provisional government on 5 October; Manuel II flees to Britain).
- Library of Congress. Portugal country guide, introduction (5 October 1910, republic proclaimed).
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