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Yuan dynasty元

ChinaHeartland today: China

Before and after

In the Central Plains of China:Came before: Song dynasty Came after: Ming dynasty
The Song lost the Central Plains to the Jurchen Jin in 1127 CE; the Mongols took them from the Jin in 1234 and conquered the Southern Song in 1279.

Meanwhile…

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The Chimú honoured the Moon above the Sun, unlike the Inca who later conquered them.
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The Maya Long Count calendar tracks days in an unbroken count from a mythical starting point in 3114 BCE.
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Song dynasty宋 China ·
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Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, made China the richest province of the Mongol world empire, giving it a Chinese dynastic name while linking it by relay road and canal to trade routes running to Persia and Europe. Marco Polo's account of the court astonished readers in Europe, but floods, famine and runaway paper-money inflation broke Mongol rule within a century.

Also alive at the same time

Key events

Wars

Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
The Mongol Empire and, from 1271, the Yuan dynasty
Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty, Northern Chinese "Han Army" troops and Song commanders and soldiers who changed sides, Troops of the Dali Kingdom (Yunnan), led by its Duan royal family under Mongol command after the Mongols took Dali in 1253, and Ilkhanate (sent the engineers who built counterweight trebuchets) (supporting)
against
The Southern Song dynasty
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty ended in 1279 and the Yuan dynasty of Kublai Khan ruled all of China.