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Holy Roman EmpireHeiliges Römisches Reich
EuropeHeartland today: 
Germany and 
Austria
Historians disagree whether the empire began with Charlemagne's coronation in 800 or with Otto I's coronation in 962, which is when the imperial title became continuously attached to the German kingdom. The end, Francis II's abdication on 6 August 1806 under pressure from Napoleon, is not disputed.
Before and after
In the Rhineland:Came before: Carolingian Empire
Meanwhile…
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A loose federation of hundreds of kingdoms, duchies, prince-bishoprics and free cities in Central Europe, held together by an elected emperor and the memory of Rome rather than a central government. Voltaire's joke that it was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" captured how little real power its emperors usually held over their own princes.