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MuiscaMuysca
South AmericaHeartland today: 
Colombia
The Muisca were a set of chiefdoms without a single founding date; the end date marks Spanish conquest in 1537, not the disappearance of the people, whose descendants remain in Colombia today.
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Farming chiefdoms of the high plains around modern Bogotá, whose gold-working and a ceremonial raft offering gave rise to the legend of El Dorado.
Also alive at the same time
Key events
Farming chiefdoms take shape on the Bogotá altiplano, led by the zipa, zaque and iraca lords
Sources
- Broadbent, Sylvia M. (1964). Los Chibchas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Muisca."
Also happening around
Muisca communities mine and trade salt from Zipaquirá, a valuable resource across the northern Andes
Sources
- Broadbent, Sylvia M. (1964). Los Chibchas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Muisca."
Also happening around
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- Toltec civilizationMesoamerica (uncertain overlap)
- Holy Roman EmpireEurope (uncertain overlap)
– At Lake Guatavita, a new zipa is anointed in gold dust and offerings are cast into the water, the origin of the El Dorado legendDisputed
The ceremony cannot be dated; Spanish chroniclers described it after the conquest as an old custom, and the Muisca had no script of their own to record it.
Sources
- Broadbent, Sylvia M. (1964). Los Chibchas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "El Dorado."
The zipa of Bacatá and the zaque of Hunza fight for supremacy over the Muisca confederation
Sources
- Broadbent, Sylvia M. (1964). Los Chibchas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Muisca."
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada leads Spanish forces into Muisca territory, beginning the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada
Sources
- Broadbent, Sylvia M. (1964). Los Chibchas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Muisca."