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Song dynasty宋

ChinaHeartland today: China

Before and after

In the Central Plains of China:Came before: Tang dynasty Came after: Yuan dynasty
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms came in between, from 907 CE.
The Song lost the Central Plains to the Jurchen Jin in 1127 CE; the Mongols took them from the Jin in 1234 and conquered the Southern Song in 1279.

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Song China printed books by the hundred thousand, paid its soldiers and merchants with the world's first government paper money, and watched cities pass a million residents, all while its armies stayed weaker than the steppe powers on its borders. It bought off, retreated from and finally lost to the Mongols, who ended three centuries of rule at a sea battle off the southern coast.

Also alive at the same time

Key events

Wars

Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
The Mongol Empire and, from 1271, the Yuan dynasty
Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty, Northern Chinese "Han Army" troops and Song commanders and soldiers who changed sides, Troops of the Dali Kingdom (Yunnan), led by its Duan royal family under Mongol command after the Mongols took Dali in 1253, and Ilkhanate (sent the engineers who built counterweight trebuchets) (supporting)
against
The Southern Song dynasty
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty ended in 1279 and the Yuan dynasty of Kublai Khan ruled all of China.