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Srivijaya

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A Buddhist maritime power on Sumatra, centred on Palembang, that controlled shipping through the Strait of Malacca. It is known from inscriptions, Chinese pilgrims and archaeology, and its extent is uncertain.

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The Chinese pilgrim Yijing stays about six months at Palembang, a Buddhist centre with over a thousand monks
Sources
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Indonesia: The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya (Palembang)."
- EBSCO Research Starters. "Srivijaya."
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– King Jayanasa begins military campaigns, and Old Malay inscriptions record Srivijaya's riseDisputed
Scholars debate whether the kingdom grew from native people at Palembang or began with invaders who took the city.
Sources
- EBSCO Research Starters. "Srivijaya." (campaigns from 682).
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Indonesia: The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya (Palembang)." (Talang Tuwo inscription).
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A Chola fleet sent by Rajendra Chola I attacks Srivijaya and, by the Tanjavur inscription's account, captures the king of Kadaram
The main evidence is Rajendra Chola's Tanjavur inscription, a royal praise text. EBSCO says Srivijaya survived the attack but paid tribute to the Cholas for some years.
Sources
- Kulke, Hermann (2009). "The Naval Expeditions of the Cholas in the Context of Asian History." In Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (Tanjavur inscription of 1025).
- EBSCO Research Starters. "Srivijaya." (Rajendracola Deva I attacked in 1025).
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– Primacy among the Sumatran kingdoms passes from Palembang to JambiDisputed
The two Britannica entries date the shift to the late 11th and the late 12th century. The reasons are unknown.
Sources
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Indonesia: The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya (Palembang)." (toward the end of the 11th century).
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Palembang." (late 12th century).
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Majapahit attacks and destroys Palembang, the old Srivijayan capitalDisputed
EBSCO gives 1377. Britannica says only the late 14th century.
Sources
- EBSCO Research Starters. "Srivijaya." (1377).
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Palembang." (late 14th century).
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