Who Was When
Wars

Wars of Scottish Independence

Phases

  1. 1.First War of Scottish Independence
  2. 2.Second War of Scottish Independence
See this year on the world timeline

Sides

Kingdom of Scotland and its allies

Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of France: money and arms, and in 1355 a company of French knights, and Gaelic Irish lords who fought beside Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), among them Domhnall Ó Néill of Tír Eoghain

against
Kingdom of England and its allies

Kingdom of England, Welsh foot soldiers raised by the English crown, English lordship of Ireland: troops for Edward I's campaigns in Scotland, and the forces that fought Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), Scottish opponents of Robert Bruce, among them the Comyn family (from 1306), and Edward Balliol and the "Disinherited", lords who had lost lands in Scotland (1332–1356)

Countries today: England, France, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales

What happened

Two wars, from 1296 to 1357, over English kings' claim to be overlords of Scotland. In 1296 Edward I of England stormed Berwick, defeated the Scots at Dunbar and forced King John Balliol to give up the crown. William Wallace and Andrew Moray routed an English army at Stirling Bridge in 1297, but Edward beat Wallace at Falkirk in 1298. Robert Bruce, crowned in 1306 and opposed by Scots such as the Comyns, drove out most English garrisons and defeated Edward II at Bannockburn in 1314; his brother Edward carried the war to Ireland and was killed there in 1318. In 1328 England recognised Robert as king. In 1332 Edward Balliol, backed by Edward III and by lords who had lost Scottish lands, landed in Fife; his force won at Dupplin Moor and Edward III's army at Halidon Hill, and the young David II took refuge in France. France, allied to Scotland since 1295, sent money, arms and, in 1355, a company of knights. David II was captured at Neville's Cross in 1346 and released under the Treaty of Berwick in 1357.

Outcome: Scotland stayed a separate kingdom under its own king: David II was released in 1357 for a ransom of 100,000 merks, and the treaty left England's claim to overlordship unresolved.

Key events

Leaders

  • William Wallace · Guardian of Scotland; won at Stirling Bridge (1297), defeated at Falkirk (1298) · Kingdom of Scotland and its allies
  • Andrew Moray · Led the rising in the north; commanded with Wallace at Stirling Bridge and died of his wounds in 1297 · Kingdom of Scotland and its allies
  • Robert I (Robert the Bruce) · King of Scots from 1306; won at Bannockburn (1314) · Kingdom of Scotland and its allies
  • Edward Bruce · Robert I's brother; led the Scottish campaign in Ireland and was killed there in 1318 · Kingdom of Scotland and its allies
  • Donald, Earl of Mar · Regent for David II; killed at Dupplin Moor (1332) · Kingdom of Scotland and its allies
  • Archibald Douglas · Led the Scottish army at Halidon Hill, where he was killed (1333) · Kingdom of Scotland and its allies
  • David II · King of Scots from 1329; captured at Neville's Cross (1346), released in 1357 · Kingdom of Scotland and its allies
  • Edward I · King of England; led the 1296 campaign and won at Falkirk (1298) · Kingdom of England and its allies
  • John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey · Commanded the English army defeated at Stirling Bridge (1297) · Kingdom of England and its allies
  • Edward II · King of England; defeated at Bannockburn (1314) · Kingdom of England and its allies
  • Edward III · King of England; backed Edward Balliol and won at Halidon Hill (1333) · Kingdom of England and its allies
  • Edward Balliol · Son of John Balliol; led the Disinherited, crowned at Scone (1332), gave up his claim to Edward III (1356) · Kingdom of England and its allies
  • Henry de Beaumont · Commanded the Disinherited at Dupplin Moor (1332) · Kingdom of England and its allies
  • Ralph Neville · One of the English commanders at Neville's Cross (1346) · Kingdom of England and its allies

Cultures it ended or changed

Meanwhile, elsewhere in

Sources