England

Timeline

Oldest first

1. Civilisation

   Neolithic Britain4000–2500 BCE

2. War

   Gallic Wars58–51 BCE

   Rome and its allies

   Ancient Rome, Gallic peoples allied with Rome, among them the Remi and, until 52 BCE, the Aedui, and Germanic horsemen hired by Caesar

   against

   Gallic, Germanic and British peoples who fought Caesar

   Helvetii and their allies (58 BCE), Suebi under Ariovistus (58 BCE), Belgic peoples, among them the Nervii and the Eburones, Veneti and other peoples of Armorica, Britons under Cassivellaunus (54 BCE), and Arverni and the Gallic coalition led by Vercingetorix (52 BCE)

   Rome held all of Gaul up to the Rhine; Caesar withdrew most of his troops in 50 BCE as civil war loomed, and Gaul was organised into Roman provinces in 27 BCE.

3. War

   Roman conquest of Britain43–83 CE

   Rome and its British allies

   Ancient Rome and Brigantes loyal to Queen Cartimandua, a client ally of Rome, until 69

   against

   British peoples who fought Rome

   Catuvellauni and their allies under Togodumnus and Caratacus (43), Peoples of the south-west fought by Vespasian, thought to be the Durotriges and Dumnonii (43–47), Peoples of Wales, among them the Silures and Ordovices, and the defenders of Mona (Anglesey), Iceni and Trinovantes under Boudica (60–61), Brigantes under Venutius, from 69, and Caledonians under Calgacus (83 or 84)

   Rome ruled most of what is now England and Wales as the province of Britannia; it pulled back from most of Scotland by about 87.

4. Civilisation

   Anglo-Saxon England449–1066 CE

   At the same time here: Norman Conquest

5. War

   Norman Conquest1066–1071 CE

   William of Normandy and his allies

   Duchy of Normandy, Breton contingent, Flemish contingent, and Contingents from other parts of France

   against

   The English and those who rose with them

   Anglo-Saxon England, English rebels, 1067–1071, Welsh allies of the rebels, among them Bleddyn ap Cynfyn and Rhiwallon, rulers of Gwynedd and Powys, Danish fleet sent by Sweyn II of Denmark (1069–1070), and Kingdom of Scotland under Malcolm III, which sheltered Edgar Ætheling and raided Northumbria in 1070

   William of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and open English resistance had ended by 1071–1072; Norman and other French lords replaced most of the English nobility.

   At the same time here: Anglo-Saxon England

6. War

   Conquest of Wales by Edward I1277–1283 CE

   England under Edward I and its Welsh allies

   Kingdom of England under Edward I, with the marcher lords, Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, lord of southern Powys, and Dafydd ap Gruffudd, Llywelyn's brother, in 1277 (he began the revolt of 1282 against Edward)

   against

   Gwynedd and the Welsh lords who rose with it

   Kingdom of Gwynedd and Welsh lords who joined the revolt in 1282, among them most of the princes of Deheubarth

   Gwynedd's princes lost all their lands; under the Statute of Rhuddlan (1284) Edward organised the principality into shires under the English crown, and from 1283 he built castles at Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech.

7. War

   Wars of Scottish Independence1296–1357 CE

   Kingdom of Scotland and its allies

   Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of France: money and arms, and in 1355 a company of French knights, and Gaelic Irish lords who fought beside Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), among them Domhnall Ó Néill of Tír Eoghain

   against

   Kingdom of England and its allies

   Kingdom of England, Welsh foot soldiers raised by the English crown, English lordship of Ireland: troops for Edward I's campaigns in Scotland, and the forces that fought Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), Scottish opponents of Robert Bruce, among them the Comyn family (from 1306), and Edward Balliol and the "Disinherited", lords who had lost lands in Scotland (1332–1356)

   Scotland stayed a separate kingdom under its own king: David II was released in 1357 for a ransom of 100,000 merks, and the treaty left England's claim to overlordship unresolved.

8. War

   Glyndŵr rebellion1400–1409 CE

   Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces and their allies

   Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces, English rebels allied with Owain: Sir Edmund Mortimer (from 1402), Henry 'Hotspur' Percy (1403) and the earl of Northumberland (1405), and Kingdom of France, which sent troops under Charles VI's treaty with Owain (1405)

   against

   Kingdom of England under Henry IV

   Kingdom of England under Henry IV and his son Henry of Monmouth and Supporters of the Crown in Wales, among them the Flemish, English and Welsh settlers of Pembrokeshire and Dafydd Gam of Brecon

   The English crown again held all of Wales between 1409 and about 1415; Owain disappeared around 1415, and his son Maredudd accepted a royal pardon in 1421.

9. War

   Wars of the Roses1455–1485 CE

   House of Lancaster and, from 1485, Henry Tudor

   House of Lancaster: Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and their supporters (in 1470–1471 also the Earl of Warwick), Henry Tudor's army: English and Welsh exiles and recruits raised in Wales (1485–1487), and Kingdom of France: Louis XI backed the 1470 restoration of Henry VI; the government of Charles VIII supplied the French troops, about 1,800, who sailed with Henry Tudor in 1485

   against

   House of York and its supporters

   House of York: Richard, Duke of York, Edward IV, Richard III and their supporters (until 1469 also the Earl of Warwick), Yorkist rebels under the Earl of Lincoln and Viscount Lovell, with the pretender Lambert Simnel (1487), Irish troops raised with the help of the FitzGeralds of Kildare (1487), German mercenaries under Martin Schwartz (1487), and Burgundian Netherlands: Charles the Bold helped Edward IV return in 1471; the dowager duchess Margaret of York paid the mercenaries of 1487 (supporting)

   Henry Tudor took the throne as Henry VII in 1485 and in 1486 married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter; the Tudor dynasty he founded ruled England until 1603.

10. War

    Wars of the Three Kingdoms1639–1651 CE

    Royalists (Charles I, then Charles II)

    English and Welsh Royalists, Scottish Royalists under the Marquess of Montrose (1644–1645, 1650), and Royalist forces in Ireland under Ormond

    against

    Parliamentarians (the English Parliament, from 1649 the Commonwealth)

    Armies of the English Parliament, from 1645 the New Model Army

    against

    Scottish Covenanters (allied with Parliament from 1643, with Charles II from 1650)

    Covenanter government and armies of Scotland, including the Engagers who fought for Charles I in 1648

    against

    Irish Confederate Catholics (allied with the Royalists from 1649)

    Irish Catholic insurgents of 1641, then the Confederate Catholics of Ireland

    Charles I was executed and the monarchy abolished; England, Scotland and Ireland were ruled from London as one Commonwealth until the monarchy was restored in 1660, and most land held by Irish Catholics was confiscated.

11. War

    Jacobite rising of 17451745–1746 CE

    Jacobites and French troops

    Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stuart: Highland clans, Lowland regiments and the Manchester Regiment raised in England and Kingdom of France: Scots and Irish troops of the French army (the Royal Écossais and men of the Irish Brigade), with money and arms

    against

    British government

    Kingdom of Great Britain: the British Army under the Duke of Cumberland, Sir John Cope and Henry Hawley and Scottish regiments of the British Army, Highland militia such as the Argyll Militia, and clans loyal to the government

    The rising ended at Culloden; the government then banned Highland dress and the carrying of weapons and passed laws against the clan system, and no further Jacobite rising followed.