Ireland

Timeline

Oldest first

1. War

   Wars of Scottish Independence1296–1357 CE

   Kingdom of Scotland and its allies

   Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of France: money and arms, and in 1355 a company of French knights, and Gaelic Irish lords who fought beside Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), among them Domhnall Ó Néill of Tír Eoghain

   against

   Kingdom of England and its allies

   Kingdom of England, Welsh foot soldiers raised by the English crown, English lordship of Ireland: troops for Edward I's campaigns in Scotland, and the forces that fought Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), Scottish opponents of Robert Bruce, among them the Comyn family (from 1306), and Edward Balliol and the "Disinherited", lords who had lost lands in Scotland (1332–1356)

   Scotland stayed a separate kingdom under its own king: David II was released in 1357 for a ransom of 100,000 merks, and the treaty left England's claim to overlordship unresolved.

2. War

   Wars of the Roses1455–1485 CE

   House of Lancaster and, from 1485, Henry Tudor

   House of Lancaster: Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and their supporters (in 1470–1471 also the Earl of Warwick), Henry Tudor's army: English and Welsh exiles and recruits raised in Wales (1485–1487), and Kingdom of France: Louis XI backed the 1470 restoration of Henry VI; the government of Charles VIII supplied the French troops, about 1,800, who sailed with Henry Tudor in 1485

   against

   House of York and its supporters

   House of York: Richard, Duke of York, Edward IV, Richard III and their supporters (until 1469 also the Earl of Warwick), Yorkist rebels under the Earl of Lincoln and Viscount Lovell, with the pretender Lambert Simnel (1487), Irish troops raised with the help of the FitzGeralds of Kildare (1487), German mercenaries under Martin Schwartz (1487), and Burgundian Netherlands: Charles the Bold helped Edward IV return in 1471; the dowager duchess Margaret of York paid the mercenaries of 1487 (supporting)

   Henry Tudor took the throne as Henry VII in 1485 and in 1486 married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter; the Tudor dynasty he founded ruled England until 1603.

3. War

   Wars of the Three Kingdoms1639–1651 CE

   Royalists (Charles I, then Charles II)

   English and Welsh Royalists, Scottish Royalists under the Marquess of Montrose (1644–1645, 1650), and Royalist forces in Ireland under Ormond

   against

   Parliamentarians (the English Parliament, from 1649 the Commonwealth)

   Armies of the English Parliament, from 1645 the New Model Army

   against

   Scottish Covenanters (allied with Parliament from 1643, with Charles II from 1650)

   Covenanter government and armies of Scotland, including the Engagers who fought for Charles I in 1648

   against

   Irish Confederate Catholics (allied with the Royalists from 1649)

   Irish Catholic insurgents of 1641, then the Confederate Catholics of Ireland

   Charles I was executed and the monarchy abolished; England, Scotland and Ireland were ruled from London as one Commonwealth until the monarchy was restored in 1660, and most land held by Irish Catholics was confiscated.