Scotland

Timeline

Oldest first

1. Civilisation

   Neolithic Britain4000–2500 BCE

2. War

   Roman conquest of Britain43–83 CE

   Rome and its British allies

   Ancient Rome and Brigantes loyal to Queen Cartimandua, a client ally of Rome, until 69

   against

   British peoples who fought Rome

   Catuvellauni and their allies under Togodumnus and Caratacus (43), Peoples of the south-west fought by Vespasian, thought to be the Durotriges and Dumnonii (43–47), Peoples of Wales, among them the Silures and Ordovices, and the defenders of Mona (Anglesey), Iceni and Trinovantes under Boudica (60–61), Brigantes under Venutius, from 69, and Caledonians under Calgacus (83 or 84)

   Rome ruled most of what is now England and Wales as the province of Britannia; it pulled back from most of Scotland by about 87.

3. Civilisation

   Picts300–843 CE

4. Civilisation

   Kingdom of Scotland900–1707 CE

   At the same time here: Norman Conquest, Wars of Scottish Independence, and Wars of the Three Kingdoms

5. War

   Norman Conquest1066–1071 CE

   William of Normandy and his allies

   Duchy of Normandy, Breton contingent, Flemish contingent, and Contingents from other parts of France

   against

   The English and those who rose with them

   Anglo-Saxon England, English rebels, 1067–1071, Welsh allies of the rebels, among them Bleddyn ap Cynfyn and Rhiwallon, rulers of Gwynedd and Powys, Danish fleet sent by Sweyn II of Denmark (1069–1070), and Kingdom of Scotland under Malcolm III, which sheltered Edgar Ætheling and raided Northumbria in 1070

   William of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and open English resistance had ended by 1071–1072; Norman and other French lords replaced most of the English nobility.

   At the same time here: Kingdom of Scotland

6. War

   Wars of Scottish Independence1296–1357 CE

   Kingdom of Scotland and its allies

   Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of France: money and arms, and in 1355 a company of French knights, and Gaelic Irish lords who fought beside Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), among them Domhnall Ó Néill of Tír Eoghain

   against

   Kingdom of England and its allies

   Kingdom of England, Welsh foot soldiers raised by the English crown, English lordship of Ireland: troops for Edward I's campaigns in Scotland, and the forces that fought Edward Bruce in Ireland (1315–1318), Scottish opponents of Robert Bruce, among them the Comyn family (from 1306), and Edward Balliol and the "Disinherited", lords who had lost lands in Scotland (1332–1356)

   Scotland stayed a separate kingdom under its own king: David II was released in 1357 for a ransom of 100,000 merks, and the treaty left England's claim to overlordship unresolved.

   At the same time here: Kingdom of Scotland

7. War

   Wars of the Three Kingdoms1639–1651 CE

   Royalists (Charles I, then Charles II)

   English and Welsh Royalists, Scottish Royalists under the Marquess of Montrose (1644–1645, 1650), and Royalist forces in Ireland under Ormond

   against

   Parliamentarians (the English Parliament, from 1649 the Commonwealth)

   Armies of the English Parliament, from 1645 the New Model Army

   against

   Scottish Covenanters (allied with Parliament from 1643, with Charles II from 1650)

   Covenanter government and armies of Scotland, including the Engagers who fought for Charles I in 1648

   against

   Irish Confederate Catholics (allied with the Royalists from 1649)

   Irish Catholic insurgents of 1641, then the Confederate Catholics of Ireland

   Charles I was executed and the monarchy abolished; England, Scotland and Ireland were ruled from London as one Commonwealth until the monarchy was restored in 1660, and most land held by Irish Catholics was confiscated.

   At the same time here: Kingdom of Scotland

8. War

   Jacobite rising of 17451745–1746 CE

   Jacobites and French troops

   Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stuart: Highland clans, Lowland regiments and the Manchester Regiment raised in England and Kingdom of France: Scots and Irish troops of the French army (the Royal Écossais and men of the Irish Brigade), with money and arms

   against

   British government

   Kingdom of Great Britain: the British Army under the Duke of Cumberland, Sir John Cope and Henry Hawley and Scottish regiments of the British Army, Highland militia such as the Argyll Militia, and clans loyal to the government

   The rising ended at Culloden; the government then banned Highland dress and the carrying of weapons and passed laws against the clan system, and no further Jacobite rising followed.