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Etruscan civilizationRasna
EuropeHeartland today: 
Italy
Both the origin and the end of Etruscan civilization are argued over. Herodotus said the Etruscans migrated from Lydia in Anatolia; most modern archaeologists instead see continuous local development from the earlier Villanovan culture. The end is dated either to 90-89 BCE, when Etruscan cities gained Roman citizenship after the Social War, or to 27 BCE, when Augustus folded Etruria fully into the Roman state.
Before and after
In central Italy:Came after: Ancient Rome
Rome and the Etruscan cities grew up side by side; Rome absorbed Etruria step by step, completing it in the 1st century BCE.
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A confederation of city-states in what is now Tuscany, whose wealth came from metal ore, trade and skilled metalwork. Rome's kings, its alphabet and much of its religious ritual all came from Etruscan neighbours before Rome absorbed Etruria city by city.
Also alive at the same time
Key events
Villanovan Iron Age communities in Tuscany begin cremating their dead in distinctive biconical urns
Sources
- Barker, G. & Rasmussen, T. (1998). The Etruscans. Blackwell.
- Turfa, J.M. (ed.) (2013). The Etruscan World. Routledge.
– Twelve major Etruscan cities, including Veii, Tarquinia and Cerveteri, emerge as wealthy, walled centres
Sources
- Barker, G. & Rasmussen, T. (1998). The Etruscans. Blackwell.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Etruscan Art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.
Etruscans adapt the Greek alphabet, then pass a version of it on to Rome
Sources
- Bonfante, G. & Bonfante, L. (2002). The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. Manchester University Press.
- Turfa, J.M. (ed.) (2013). The Etruscan World. Routledge.
– Etruscan kings, including Tarquinius Priscus and Tarquinius Superbus, rule Rome before its founding as a republicDisputed
The Roman king-list and its dates come from later Roman historians writing centuries afterward, so names and reign lengths are not independently confirmed.
Sources
- Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars. Routledge.
- Turfa, J.M. (ed.) (2013). The Etruscan World. Routledge.
Rome captures Veii after a long siege, its first major conquest of an Etruscan city
Sources
- Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars. Routledge.
- Livy. Ab Urbe Condita, Book 5.
Also happening around
– After the Social War, Etruscan cities are granted Roman citizenship, ending their formal political independence
Sources
- Barker, G. & Rasmussen, T. (1998). The Etruscans. Blackwell.
- Keaveney, A. (1987). Rome and the Unification of Italy. Croom Helm.
Also happening around
– The Etruscan language falls out of everyday use, surviving only in religious ritual by the early Roman Empire
Sources
- Bonfante, G. & Bonfante, L. (2002). The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. Manchester University Press.
- Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars, "Claudius" 42 (Claudius wrote a history of the Etruscans).
Also happening around