Italy

Timeline

Oldest first

1. Civilisation

   Ancient Rome753 BCE – 1453 CE

   At the same time here: Etruscan civilization, Peloponnesian War, Punic Wars, Gallic Wars, and Fall of Constantinople

2. Civilisation

   Etruscan civilization720–90 BCE

   At the same time here: Ancient Rome, Peloponnesian War, and Punic Wars

3. War

   Peloponnesian War431–404 BCE

   Athens and the Delian League

   Athens, Delian League cities of the Aegean islands and Greece, and allies such as Corcyra and Plataea, and Delian League cities of Asia Minor

   against

   Sparta, the Peloponnesian League and their allies

   Sparta, Corinth, Thebes and the other Peloponnesian League allies, Syracuse, and Achaemenid Persian Empire (allied with Sparta from 412 BCE; paid for its fleet)

   Athens surrendered in April 404 BCE: it pulled down its Long Walls, gave up its fleet and its overseas possessions, and was ruled for a short time by a Sparta-backed oligarchy, the Thirty.

   At the same time here: Ancient Rome and Etruscan civilization

4. War

   Punic Wars264–146 BCE

   Rome and its allies

   Ancient Rome, Rome's Italian allies, Mamertines of Messana (asked Rome for help in 264 BCE), Massalia (Marseille), whose ships sailed with the Roman fleet, as at the Ebro in 217 BCE, Syracuse under Hiero II (allied with Rome 263–215 BCE), and Masinissa's Numidians (from 206 BCE)

   against

   Carthage and its allies

   Carthage, Iberian, Celtic and Ligurian allies and mercenaries, Syracuse (allied with Carthage 264–263 BCE and 214–212 BCE), and Syphax's Numidians (206–203 BCE)

   Carthage was destroyed in 146 BCE and its remaining land became the Roman province of Africa; Rome had already taken Sicily and Iberia from Carthage in the earlier wars.

   At the same time here: Ancient Rome and Etruscan civilization

5. War

   Gallic Wars58–51 BCE

   Rome and its allies

   Ancient Rome, Gallic peoples allied with Rome, among them the Remi and, until 52 BCE, the Aedui, and Germanic horsemen hired by Caesar

   against

   Gallic, Germanic and British peoples who fought Caesar

   Helvetii and their allies (58 BCE), Suebi under Ariovistus (58 BCE), Belgic peoples, among them the Nervii and the Eburones, Veneti and other peoples of Armorica, Britons under Cassivellaunus (54 BCE), and Arverni and the Gallic coalition led by Vercingetorix (52 BCE)

   Rome held all of Gaul up to the Rhine; Caesar withdrew most of his troops in 50 BCE as civil war loomed, and Gaul was organised into Roman provinces in 27 BCE.

   At the same time here: Ancient Rome

6. War

   Fall of Constantinople1453 CE

   The Ottoman Empire

   Ottoman Empire and Serbian Despotate (cavalry its ruler was forced to send as an Ottoman vassal)

   against

   The Byzantine Empire and its allies

   Ancient Rome, Genoese soldiers under Giovanni Giustiniani, Venetians in the city, Ships and men sent by the Pope and by Alfonso of Aragon, and Ottoman prince Orhan Çelebi and his Turkish followers, who fought on the Byzantine side

   The Ottoman Empire took Constantinople on 29 May 1453 and made it its capital; the Byzantine Empire ended with the death of Constantine XI.

   At the same time here: Ancient Rome

7. War

   World War I1914–1918 CE

   Allies (Entente)

   France, United Kingdom, Russian Empire (until 1917), Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Italy (from 1915), and United States

   against

   Central Powers

   German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Kingdom of Bulgaria (from 1915)

   The Allies won: Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, and the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires broke up.

8. War

   World War II1939–1945 CE

   Allies

   Soviet Union (from 1941), United States, United Kingdom, Republic of China (Nationalist government), France, and Second Polish Republic

   against

   Axis

   Nazi Germany, Empire of Japan, and Kingdom of Italy (until 1943)

   The Allies won: Germany surrendered unconditionally on 8 May 1945 and Japan on 2 September 1945.