Conquest of Wales by Edward I
Phases
- 1.First war: Llywelyn submits
- 2.Second war: Welsh revolt and the fall of Gwynedd
Sides
Kingdom of England under Edward I, with the marcher lords, Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, lord of southern Powys, and Dafydd ap Gruffudd, Llywelyn's brother, in 1277 (he began the revolt of 1282 against Edward)
Kingdom of Gwynedd and Welsh lords who joined the revolt in 1282, among them most of the princes of Deheubarth
England
WalesWhat happened
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Gwynedd, had been recognised as Prince of Wales by Henry III in 1267. After Edward I became king, Llywelyn refused to do him homage, and in November 1276 Edward declared him a rebel. In 1277 English armies, joined by Welsh rulers who had broken with Llywelyn, among them his brother Dafydd and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys, advanced into Wales and took the harvest of Anglesey. Llywelyn submitted in the Treaty of Aberconwy and kept only Gwynedd west of the river Conwy. In March 1282 Dafydd attacked Hawarden Castle, and Llywelyn and most other Welsh lords joined the revolt. In November Welsh forces destroyed an English army crossing the Menai Strait, but on 11 December Llywelyn was killed near Builth. Edward's armies took the last Welsh castles in the spring of 1283; Dafydd was captured in June and executed at Shrewsbury in October. No reliable count of the war's dead survives.
Outcome: Gwynedd's princes lost all their lands; under the Statute of Rhuddlan (1284) Edward organised the principality into shires under the English crown, and from 1283 he built castles at Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech.
Key events
Leaders
- Edward I · King of England; led both campaigns · England under Edward I and its Welsh allies
- Roger Mortimer · Marcher lord; took Dolforwyn Castle in 1277 · England under Edward I and its Welsh allies
- Luke de Tany · Commanded the English force on Anglesey; died in the Menai Strait in 1282 · England under Edward I and its Welsh allies
- Roger Lestrange · Commanded the king's forces around Builth in December 1282; besieged Castell y Bere in 1283 · England under Edward I and its Welsh allies
- William de Valence · Earl of Pembroke; besieged Castell y Bere in 1283 · England under Edward I and its Welsh allies
- Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn · Lord of southern Powys; fought for Edward in both wars · England under Edward I and its Welsh allies
- Llywelyn ap Gruffudd · Prince of Wales; killed in December 1282 · Gwynedd and the Welsh lords who rose with it
- Dafydd ap Gruffudd · Llywelyn's brother; fought for Edward in 1277, began the 1282 revolt and claimed the title of prince after Llywelyn's death; executed in 1283 · Gwynedd and the Welsh lords who rose with it
Cultures it ended or changed
Meanwhile, elsewhere in
- Maya civilization
Mesoamerica · Oldest hereThe Maya Long Count calendar tracks days in an unbroken count from a mythical starting point in 3114 BCE.
- MuiscaMuysca
South America · A small gold raft found near Bogotá, showing figures around a chief, is thought to depict the Guatavita gold-dust ceremony.
- Song dynasty宋
China · Song sailors were the first recorded to steer by a magnetic compass at sea, letting ships sail out of sight of land toward Southeast Asia and beyond.
- Kingdom of ScotlandRìoghachd na h-Alba
Europe · Alba, the kingdom's Gaelic name from about 900, is still what Scotland is called in Scottish Gaelic today.
- Mixtec civilizationÑuu Dzahui Mesoamerica ·
- Chimú culture
South America · The Chimú honoured the Moon above the Sun, unlike the Inca who later conquered them.
Sources
- Wikipedia (English). "Conquest of Wales by Edward I."
- Wikipedia (español). "Conquista de Gales por Eduardo I."
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ('Llywelyn the Last'), Prince of Wales (died 1282)." Dictionary of Welsh Biography, National Library of Wales.
- "Dafydd ap Gruffydd." The Oxford Companion to British History, via Encyclopedia.com.
- Cartwright, Mark (2020). "Edward I of England." World History Encyclopedia.
- Wikipedia (English). "Rhys ap Maredudd" (the princes of Deheubarth in the war of 1282–3).
- Wikipedia (English). "Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn."
- Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (2017). "Irfon Bridge; Pont Irfon; Battle of Orewin Bridge, Builth Wells" (NPRN 403411). Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Wales, Coflein.
- Wikidata. "Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England" (Q5162450).