Glyndŵr rebellion
The rising has no agreed end. Harlech, Owain's last castle, fell in 1409 (the Oxford Companion says 1408); Owain raided Shropshire in 1410 and was last seen by his enemies in 1412. He did not answer Henry V's offer of a pardon in 1415 and probably died around 1415 or 1416; Wikidata ends the rising in 1415. His son Maredudd accepted a pardon in 1421.
Sides
Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces, English rebels allied with Owain: Sir Edmund Mortimer (from 1402), Henry 'Hotspur' Percy (1403) and the earl of Northumberland (1405), and Kingdom of France, which sent troops under Charles VI's treaty with Owain (1405)
Kingdom of England under Henry IV and his son Henry of Monmouth and Supporters of the Crown in Wales, among them the Flemish, English and Welsh settlers of Pembrokeshire and Dafydd Gam of Brecon
England
France
WalesWhat happened
In September 1400 Owain Glyndŵr, a Welsh landowner descended from the princes of Powys and Deheubarth, was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his kinsmen after a land dispute with his neighbour Reginald Grey, lord of Ruthin, and his followers attacked Ruthin and other English-held towns in north-east Wales. In 1401 his cousins took Conwy Castle. In 1402 his forces defeated and captured Sir Edmund Mortimer at Bryn Glas; Mortimer then joined Owain and married his daughter. Owain's English allies, the Percys, were defeated at Shrewsbury in 1403. In 1404 he took Harlech and Aberystwyth, held an assembly at Machynlleth and made a treaty with Charles VI of France, whose troops landed at Milford Haven in 1405. From 1405 his forces lost ground: English armies under Henry of Monmouth blockaded Wales and took Aberystwyth in 1408 and Harlech in 1409. Owain fought on from the hills, was last seen by his enemies in 1412 and was never captured. No reliable count of the dead survives.
Outcome: The English crown again held all of Wales between 1409 and about 1415; Owain disappeared around 1415, and his son Maredudd accepted a royal pardon in 1421.
Key events
Leaders
- Owain Glyndŵr · Proclaimed Prince of Wales in 1400; led the rising · Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces and their allies
- Rhys ap Tudur · Owain's cousin; took Conwy Castle with his brother Gwilym in 1401 · Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces and their allies
- Edmund Mortimer · Captured at Bryn Glas in 1402, then joined Owain and married his daughter Catrin; died during the siege of Harlech · Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces and their allies
- Henry 'Hotspur' Percy · Led the Percy rising of 1403 in alliance with Owain; killed at Shrewsbury · Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces and their allies
- Jean de Rieux · Marshal of France; led the French army sent to Wales in 1405 · Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh forces and their allies
- Henry IV · King of England; led several campaigns into Wales from 1400 · Kingdom of England under Henry IV
- Henry of Monmouth (later Henry V) · Henry IV's son; led English forces in Wales and the sieges of Aberystwyth and Harlech; king from 1413 · Kingdom of England under Henry IV
- Dafydd Gam · Welsh supporter of the Crown from Brecon; captured by Owain in 1412 and ransomed · Kingdom of England under Henry IV
Meanwhile, elsewhere in
- Holy Roman EmpireHeiliges Römisches Reich
Europe · - Maya civilization
Mesoamerica · Oldest hereThe Maya Long Count calendar tracks days in an unbroken count from a mythical starting point in 3114 BCE.
- MuiscaMuysca
South America · A small gold raft found near Bogotá, showing figures around a chief, is thought to depict the Guatavita gold-dust ceremony.
- Ming dynasty明
China · - Kingdom of ScotlandRìoghachd na h-Alba
Europe · Alba, the kingdom's Gaelic name from about 900, is still what Scotland is called in Scottish Gaelic today.
- Mixtec civilizationÑuu Dzahui Mesoamerica ·
Sources
- Cannon, John (ed.). "Glyndŵr, Owain." The Oxford Companion to British History, via Encyclopedia.com.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain Glyndŵr (c. 1354–1416), 'Prince of Wales'." Dictionary of Welsh Biography, National Library of Wales.
- Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. "In the steps of Owain Glyndŵr."
- Cartwright, Mark (2019). "Harlech Castle." World History Encyclopedia.
- Battlefields Trust. "The Battle of Shrewsbury." UK Battlefields Resource Centre.
- Wikipedia (English). "Glyndŵr rebellion."
- Wikipedia (English). "Owain Glyndŵr."
- Wikidata. "Glyndŵr Rebellion" (Q4126360).