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Neolithic Britain
EuropeHeartland today: 
United Kingdom
Before and after
In Britain:Came after: Celtic Iron Age
The Bronze Age, about 2200 to 750 BCE, came in between.
Began earlier than anything else in Who Was When.
Compare with…Meanwhile…
- Valdivia culture
South America · Oldest hereValdivia potters shaped small clay "Venus" figures of women, each with a distinct hairstyle, no two exactly alike.
Compare - Ancient EgyptKemet (km.t)
Africa · Longest-lasting here (disputed dates)While Khufu's crews were stacking the Great Pyramid, the people of Caral in Peru were raising stepped platforms of their own without pottery or metal, and the sarsen trilithons went up at Stonehenge.
Compare - Minoan civilization
Europe · Compare - Caral–Supe civilization
South America · Caral built pyramids and a sunken amphitheatre without ever making pottery.
Compare
Britain's first farmers cleared woodland, built causewayed enclosures and long barrows, and raised the great stone and timber monuments of Wessex, chief among them Stonehenge. They left no writing, so everything known about them comes from what they buried, built and left in the ground.
Also alive at the same time
Key events
Farming, livestock and pottery reach Britain from continental Europe
Sources
- Whittle, A., Healy, F. & Bayliss, A. (2011). Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland. Oxbow Books.
- Historic England (2018). Introductions to Heritage Assets: Neolithic Enclosures.
Also happening around
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– Communities build Britain's first large monuments, causewayed enclosures of banks and ditches
Sources
- Whittle, A., Healy, F. & Bayliss, A. (2011). Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland. Oxbow Books.
- Oswald, A., Dyer, C. & Barber, M. (2001). The Creation of Monuments: Neolithic Causewayed Enclosures in the British Isles. English Heritage.
Also happening around
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The first Stonehenge is built: a circular ditch and bank enclosing an inner ring of Welsh bluestonesDisputed
Excavation phasing at Stonehenge has been revised several times; the ditch-and-bank enclosure and the first bluestone setting are usually placed within a century or two of 3000 BCE.
Sources
- Parker Pearson, M. (2012). Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery. Simon & Schuster.
- Darvill, T. (2006). Stonehenge: The Biography of a Landscape. Tempus.
Bluestones are moved roughly 200 km from the Preseli Hills in Wales to Salisbury PlainDisputed
Geological sourcing to specific Preseli outcrops is well supported; whether the stones were moved by human effort or partly by glacial action is still argued.
Sources
- Bevins, R.E. et al. (2021). "Identifying the source of Stonehenge's bluestones." Antiquity 95(381).
- Parker Pearson, M. (2012). Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery. Simon & Schuster.
– The massive sarsen stones and trilithons are raised at Stonehenge
Sources
- Parker Pearson, M. (2012). Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery. Simon & Schuster.
- Darvill, T. (2006). Stonehenge: The Biography of a Landscape. Tempus.
– Bell Beaker migrants from continental Europe bring metalworking, replacing most of the existing Neolithic populationDisputed
Ancient-DNA studies published in 2018 found large-scale population replacement rather than gradual cultural change; how the two happened together is still debated.
Sources
- Olalde, I. et al. (2018). "The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe." Nature 555: 190-196.
- Parker Pearson, M. (2012). Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery. Simon & Schuster.
The "Amesbury Archer" is buried near Stonehenge with some of Britain's earliest metal and gold objects
Sources
- Fitzpatrick, A.P. (2011). The Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen. Wessex Archaeology.
- Fitzpatrick, Andrew P. (2002). "The Amesbury Archer: a well-furnished Early Bronze Age burial in southern England." Antiquity 76(293): 629–630.