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Hittites
Middle East & Central AsiaHeartland today: Türkiye
Hittite dates are approximate and depend on links to Egyptian and Mesopotamian chronologies. Sources start the kingdom between about 1650 and 1575 BCE and end the empire between about 1200 and 1180 BCE. Small Neo-Hittite city-states in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia lasted into the 8th century BCE.
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An Anatolian kingdom ruled from Hattusa in central Turkey. Its kings sacked Babylon, fought Egypt at Kadesh and signed what is usually called the oldest surviving peace treaty. Its clay-tablet archives preserve the oldest written Indo-European language.
Also alive at the same time
Key events
Hattusili I moves the Hittite capital to Hattusa and founds the kingdomDisputed
The date is approximate. Wikipedia gives c. 1650 BCE for the move to Hattusa; PeriodO's Gates (2003) starts the Old Kingdom around 1575 BCE.
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Mursili I raids down the Euphrates and sacks Aleppo and BabylonDisputed
1595 BCE follows the middle chronology of Mesopotamia; Hittite records give no absolute date.
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– Suppiluliuma I reduces the kingdom of Mitanni to a Hittite vassal and takes CarchemishDisputed
The sources date his reign (c. 1344–1322 BCE) but not the year of each campaign, so the bar covers the whole reign.
Sources
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Muwatalli II's army meets Ramesses II of Egypt at Kadesh; both sides claim victory
Sources
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Hattusili III and Ramesses II agree a peace treaty, kept in Akkadian cuneiform at Hattusa and in hieroglyphs at KarnakDisputed
Sources date the treaty to 1259 BCE (year 21 of Ramesses II) or 1258 BCE.
Sources
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– The Hittite empire breaks up and Hattusa is abandoned in the Late Bronze Age collapseDisputed
Sources give about 1200 BCE for the fall and about 1180 BCE for the end of the kingdom. Wikipedia says Hattusa was abandoned gradually over several decades; the causes are debated.
Sources
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