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Shang dynasty商
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No Shang date is fixed by contemporary records. The British Museum gives c. 1500 – c. 1050 BCE; the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (2000) proposed 1600–1046 BCE, and other scholars place the fall anywhere from 1122 to 1027 BCE.
Before and after
In the Central Plains of China:Came before: Erlitou culture Came after: Western Zhou
Many Chinese archaeologists identify Erlitou with the Xia dynasty of later texts; no writing has been found there to prove it.
Meanwhile…
- Maya civilization
Mesoamerica · Longest-lasting hereCompare - Ancient EgyptKemet (km.t)
Africa · Ramesses II's 66-year reign overlapped the building of the Lion Gate at Mycenae and, in the Xia–Shang–Zhou Project's dates, Wu Ding of Shang, whose diviners at Anyang carved the earliest large body of Chinese writing onto oracle bones.
Compare - Mycenaean Greece
Europe · Homer's Iliad, composed some 400 years after the Mycenaean palaces fell, still remembered Mycenae as "rich in gold".
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South America · Oldest hereValdivia potters shaped small clay "Venus" figures of women, each with a distinct hairstyle, no two exactly alike.
Compare - Western Zhou西周 China ·
Zhou nobles cast long inscriptions inside bronze ritual vessels, recording grants of land, titles and even chariots handed down by the king.
Compare - Olmec civilization Mesoamerica ·
Olmec art repeats a half-human, half-jaguar infant face so often that archaeologists call it the "were-jaguar".
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China's first dynasty confirmed by its own writing. Shang kings ruled the middle Yellow River valley from a series of capitals. The last, Yin, near modern Anyang, has given archaeologists royal tombs, bronze foundries and over 100,000 inscribed oracle bones.
Also alive at the same time
Key events
Tang overthrows the Xia and founds the Shang dynastyDisputed
Date proposed by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project; traditional accounts say 1766 BCE.
Sources
King Pan Geng moves the capital to Yin, near today's AnyangDisputed
The move is recorded in later texts; most remains excavated at Yinxu date from Wu Ding's reign onward.
Sources
– Reign of Wu Ding, the best-recorded Shang kingDisputed
Reign dates from the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project.
Sources
- Keightley, David N. (1999). "The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty." In Loewe & Shaughnessy (eds), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, 232–291. Cambridge University Press.
- Li Xueqin (2002). "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results." Journal of East Asian Archaeology 4: 321–333.
– Diviners carve questions and answers on oracle bones, the earliest large body of Chinese writing
Sources
- Keightley, David N. (1999). "The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty." In Loewe & Shaughnessy (eds), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, 232–291. Cambridge University Press.
- Bagley, Robert (1999). "Shang Archaeology." In Loewe & Shaughnessy (eds), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, 124–231. Cambridge University Press.
Horse-drawn chariots appear in China, buried with their horses at Anyang
Sources
- Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988). "Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 48(1): 189–237.
- Bagley, Robert (1999). "Shang Archaeology." In Loewe & Shaughnessy (eds), The Cambridge History of Ancient China, 124–231. Cambridge University Press.
Zhou armies defeat the last Shang king, Di Xin, at MuyeDisputed
1046 BCE is the Chronology Project's date; proposals range from 1122 to 1027 BCE.
Sources