Fuentes y créditos
Who Was When toma fechas, nombres y lugares de conjuntos de datos históricos abiertos, y nunca copia las palabras de una fuente: los datos breves de la app se redactan de nuevo y se contrastan con las fuentes.
Datos de este sitio: CC BY 4.0. Código: MIT.
PeriodO
Dominio públicoRangos de fechas de los periodos, enlazados por id donde existe una definición.
Los rangos se copian tal como se publicaron; no se deriva nada más de PeriodO.
Wikidata
CC0Nombres de civilizaciones y guerras en varios idiomas, identificadores de guerras, batallas y líderes que enlazan a más información, y coordenadas para los marcadores del mapa cuando Pleiades no tiene una entrada.
Los nombres se copian tal como se publicaron; algunos además se traducen automáticamente cuando Wikidata aún no tiene una entrada en ese idioma.
Cliopatria
CC BY 4.0Polígonos de fronteras históricas para los mapas de territorio de Roma, Egipto, el Imperio carolingio, el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, las dinastías Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming y Qing, los incas y los aztecas, y para el mapa de las guerras púnicas.
Los polígonos se simplifican para un mapa pequeño y rápido, sus años a. e. c. se convierten a la numeración usada aquí, y se republican bajo la misma licencia con atribución. Los cambios hechos para cada mapa figuran en las obras citadas, más abajo. Se publica por separado, y bajo una licencia distinta, del propio conjunto de datos de Seshat (véase abajo).
Pleiades
CC BYIdentificadores y coordenadas de lugares antiguos para los marcadores de eventos en el mapa.
Las coordenadas se copian tal como se publicaron.
Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)
CC BY 4.0Fechas y bandos de las guerras desde 1946 (UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset v26.1) y rangos de muertes en combate desde 1989 (UCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset v26.1), cada uno con la fecha hasta la que cuenta.
Las estimaciones baja y alta se suman sobre los conflictos y años de cada guerra y se muestran como un rango, con la etiqueta de muertes en combate. No se cambia nada más.
Cítese como: Davies, S., Pettersson, T. & Öberg, M. (2026). Organized violence 1989–2025, and violent political protests. Journal of Peace Research 63(4). Gleditsch, N. P., Wallensteen, P., Eriksson, M., Sollenberg, M. & Strand, H. (2002). Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace Research 39(5). Pettersson, T. (2026). UCDP Battle-related Deaths Dataset Codebook v26.1.
Correlates of War
Solo datos citadosUna comprobación de las fechas y los bandos de las guerras entre 1816 y 2007 (Inter-State y Extra-State War Data v4.0, Intra-State War Data v4.1).
Los conjuntos de datos no se republican aquí, ni total ni parcialmente; solo aparecen datos sueltos contrastados con ellos, redactados con nuestras propias palabras.
Cítese como: Sarkees, M. R. & Wayman, F. (2010). Resort to War: 1816–2007. Washington DC: CQ Press.
Conflict Catalog (Peter Brecke)
Se pide citarloEncontrar guerras y fechas entre 1400 y 1816.
Su autor dice que está sin terminar, así que cada guerra y fecha tomada de él se comprobó en otras fuentes antes de usarla. No se republica nada.
Cítese como: Brecke, P. (1999). Violent Conflicts 1400 A.D. to the Present in Different Regions of the World. Paper presented at the 1999 Meeting of the Peace Science Society (International), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Natural Earth
Dominio públicoLas costas y la forma de las tierras bajo los mapas de territorio y los mapas de guerras.
La capa de tierras a escala 1:50m se recorta a tres regiones (Europa, el Mediterráneo, Oriente Próximo y el valle del Nilo; Asia oriental; las Américas) y se simplifica, para que cada mapa cargue solo su región. Un mapa de guerra con fronteras usa las tierras de su región; uno solo con marcadores usa las de todo el mundo, simplificadas del mismo modo.
flag-icons
MITLas pequeñas banderas del país actual donde estaba el núcleo de cada cultura, y de los países actuales de cada bando de una guerra.
Copiadas sin cambios; solo se sirven las banderas que muestra la aplicación.
Inter y Noto Sans SC
SIL Open Font License 1.1Las tipografías del texto latino y chino, servidas desde este sitio.
Se reducen a los caracteres que usa Who Was When, para que las páginas en chino carguen rápido.
Nunca usado: el propio conjunto de datos del Seshat Global History Databank, que es solo de uso no comercial.
Todas las obras citadas en los datos (855)
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- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Aztec Triple Alliance and their neighbours were extracted for 1 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 25% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The map is cut to Mesoamerica, 106° W to 86° W and 13° N to 24° N.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Aztec Triple Alliance and their neighbours were extracted for 3 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 25% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The 1428 map uses Cliopatria's 1440 rows, because its Tenochtitlan (1326-1428) and Triple Alliance (1429-1439) polygons lie 20-40 km off the island city; there is no map before 1428 for the same reason. The 1440 polygon still misses Azcapotzalco, the alliance's first conquest, by about 20 km.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Egyptian polities and their neighbours were extracted for 22 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 20% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. Where Cliopatria's rows lag the story (the reunification of c. 2040 BCE, the Hyksos Delta of c. 1650 BCE, Ahmose's victory of c. 1550 BCE, Thutmose III's conquests, Psamtik I's reunification of 656 BCE, the Persian conquests of 525 and 343 BCE, the Roman annexation of 30 BCE) the nearest later row is drawn. Cliopatria splits the Hyksos Delta between Hyksos, 15th Dynasty and 16th Dynasty polygons, drawn as it has them; its Levantine Hyksos, which it keeps to 1401 BCE, is drawn only up to 1550 BCE. Two Egyptian polygons are cut: in 1550 BCE at the Second Cataract (21.8° N), because the 1500 BCE row already holds Thutmose I's conquests in Nubia, and in 305 BCE to leave out Cyprus and Cilicia, since Ptolemy lost Cyprus to Demetrius in 306 BCE. In 700 BCE Kush's polygon, which then covers Egypt, is drawn as Egypt under the 25th Dynasty. Cliopatria has no polygon for Kerma, so Nubia before 1000 BCE is unmarked.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Frankish kingdoms and their neighbours were extracted for 9 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 20% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The 843 map uses Cliopatria's first rows after the Treaty of Verdun, which it dates 850-859.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Han and Xin dynasties and their neighbours were extracted for 6 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 20% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The 25 CE map uses Cliopatria's 30 CE rows, because its Xin rows run to 29 CE. The 184 CE map runs to the abdication in 220: Cliopatria's rows from 215 CE give the name 'Han dynasty' only to Liu Bei's lands, which would leave the Han court in Cao Cao's.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Holy Roman Empire and their neighbours were extracted for 12 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 15% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. From 1273 on, the empire is drawn as the union of the Cliopatria polities that were imperial estates, clipped to the empire's 1435 extent in Cliopatria plus Brabant and the Free County of Burgundy and less the Teutonic Order's Prussia, because from 1459 Cliopatria files only the small imperial states under the empire's name. The 1805 map uses Cliopatria's 1804 rows, because its 1805 France takes in Hanover and part of Hesse east of the Rhine; in both years Cliopatria leaves Cologne, Koblenz and (in 1804) Mainz, French since 1801, inside the empire.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Kingdom of Cusco and the Inca Empire and their neighbours were extracted for 6 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 25% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. Polities reaching beyond the Americas are cut at 30°W.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Ming and Southern Ming and their neighbours were extracted for 6 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 20% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The 1368 map uses Cliopatria's 1375 rows, because it draws no Ming until then. From 1582 Cliopatria files the Mongol lands north of China under the Golden Horde's name; they are labelled Mongols here. The 1662 map uses Cliopatria's 1658 rows, its last with the Southern Ming in Yunnan; from 1662 it gives that name to the Zheng state on Taiwan.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Qing dynasty and their neighbours were extracted for 7 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 15% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. Cliopatria calls the Qing state Later Jin until 1644. The 1644 map uses its 1645 rows, the first after the fall of Beijing. From 1582 Cliopatria files the Mongol lands north of China under the Golden Horde's name; they are labelled Mongols here. Polities reaching far beyond East Asia are cut at 40°E and 170°E. Cliopatria keeps Tibet separate until 1793, so the 1722 map leaves it unfilled rather than outside the Qing protectorate set up in 1720. The 1864 map leaves Yunnan and the Sichuan basin unfilled: Cliopatria's 1859-1867 row gives them all to the Panthay Rebellion, which held western Yunnan, and cuts them out of the Qing.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Roman polities and their neighbours were extracted for 17 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 25% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Song dynasty and their neighbours were extracted for 5 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 20% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The 960 map uses Cliopatria's first Song rows, from 961. The 1127 map uses its 1139 rows, because its rows for 1126-1138 still give the Song the north.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the state and empire of Qin and their neighbours were extracted for 3 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 25% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The 221 BCE map uses Cliopatria's 218 BCE rows, because its rows for 222-219 BCE still show Qi unconquered. The 214 BCE map uses its 212 BCE rows, the first to include the Ordos frontier Meng Tian took in 215-214 BCE.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Tang dynasty and their neighbours were extracted for 4 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 20% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. The 868 map leaves out Cliopatria's Qocho kingdom, because it gives Qocho Dunhuang, which the Guiyi Circuit held for the Tang from 851.
- Seshat Global History Databank (2026). Cliopatria: a comprehensive geospatial dataset of world polities, version 0.2.0 (released 16 May 2026), cliopatria.geojson. CC BY 4.0. Changes made here: polygons for the Yuan dynasty and their neighbours were extracted for 4 snapshot years, simplified with mapshaper 0.7.69 (Visvalingam, 15% of vertices kept), rounded to 0.01 degrees, and given shortened, translated labels. Before 1294, Cliopatria draws one Mongol Empire, so the 1260 and 1279 maps clip it to Cliopatria's 1294 extent of the Yuan and show the rest as the other khanates. The 1368 map uses Cliopatria's 1375 rows, because it draws no Ming until then.
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