Spain

Timeline

Oldest first

1. War

   Punic Wars264–146 BCE

   Rome and its allies

   Ancient Rome, Rome's Italian allies, Mamertines of Messana (asked Rome for help in 264 BCE), Massalia (Marseille), whose ships sailed with the Roman fleet, as at the Ebro in 217 BCE, Syracuse under Hiero II (allied with Rome 263–215 BCE), and Masinissa's Numidians (from 206 BCE)

   against

   Carthage and its allies

   Carthage, Iberian, Celtic and Ligurian allies and mercenaries, Syracuse (allied with Carthage 264–263 BCE and 214–212 BCE), and Syphax's Numidians (206–203 BCE)

   Carthage was destroyed in 146 BCE and its remaining land became the Roman province of Africa; Rome had already taken Sicily and Iberia from Carthage in the earlier wars.

2. War

   Fall of Constantinople1453 CE

   The Ottoman Empire

   Ottoman Empire and Serbian Despotate (cavalry its ruler was forced to send as an Ottoman vassal)

   against

   The Byzantine Empire and its allies

   Ancient Rome, Genoese soldiers under Giovanni Giustiniani, Venetians in the city, Ships and men sent by the Pope and by Alfonso of Aragon, and Ottoman prince Orhan Çelebi and his Turkish followers, who fought on the Byzantine side

   The Ottoman Empire took Constantinople on 29 May 1453 and made it its capital; the Byzantine Empire ended with the death of Constantine XI.

3. War

   Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire1519–1521 CE

   Cortés's expedition and its Indigenous allies

   Cortés's expedition, for the Crown of Castile, Tlaxcala, Totonacs of Cempoala, Texcoco (Ixtlilxochitl's faction), Huejotzingo, and Chalco

   against

   The Mexica of Tenochtitlan and the Triple Alliance

   Aztec Empire, Tlatelolco, Tlacopan, Texcoco (Coanacoch's faction), and Xochimilco

   Tenochtitlan fell to Cortés's forces and their allies on 13 August 1521; the Spanish crown made central Mexico the colony of New Spain.

4. War

   Spanish conquest of Yucatán1527–1542 CE

   Spanish forces and their Maya allies

   Spanish forces, for the Crown of Castile, Xiu of Maní, and Chel of Ah Kin Chel

   against

   Independent Maya polities of Yucatán and Petén

   Maya civilization, Cocom of Sotuta, Cupul, and Itza kingdom of Nojpetén

   Northern Yucatán was under Spanish rule by 1547; the last independent Maya kingdom, the Itza of Nojpetén, fell to Spanish forces on 13 March 1697.

   At the same time here: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

5. War

   Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire1532–1572 CE

   Pizarro's expedition and its Indigenous allies

   Pizarro's expedition, for the Crown of Castile, Huáscar's faction of the Inca nobility, Cañari, Huanca, Chanka, Huaylas, and Chachapoyas

   against

   The Inca Empire and, from 1537, the Inca state of Vilcabamba

   Inca Empire and Neo-Inca State of Vilcabamba

   Spanish forces took Vilcabamba, the last Inca stronghold, in 1572; the former Inca lands became part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.

   At the same time here: Spanish conquest of Yucatán

6. War

   French conquest of Vietnam1858–1885 CE

   France, with Spain (1858–1862) and local auxiliaries

   France, Spain, with troops from the Spanish Philippines (1858–1862), and Vietnamese auxiliaries in French service, among them Cochinchinese riflemen

   against

   Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty), the Black Flag Army and Qing China

   Đại Nam under the Nguyễn dynasty, Black Flag Army of Liu Yongfu, and Qing dynasty

   By 1885 France ruled all of Vietnam: Cochinchina as a colony, Annam and Tonkin as protectorates; in the Treaty of Tientsin the Qing recognised the French protectorate.